Real Academia Española Information
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| Royal Spanish Academy | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | RAE |
| Motto | Limpia, fija y da esplendor |
| Formation | 1713 |
| Headquarters | Madrid, Spain |
| Region served | Spain |
| Official languages | Spanish |
| Director | José Manuel Blecua Perdices |
| Main organ | Junta de Gobierno |
| Affiliations | Association of Spanish Language Academies |
| Website | www.rae.es |
| Real Academia Española | |
|---|---|
| Native name: Spanish: Real Academia Española | |
| Location: | Madrid, Spain |
| Coordinates: | 40°24′54″N 3°41′28″W / 40.41492°N 3.691173°W Coordinates: 40°24′54″N 3°41′28″W / 40.41492°N 3.691173°W |
| Spanish Property of Cultural Interest | |
| Official name: Real Academia Española | |
| Type: | Non-movable |
| Criteria: | Monument |
| Designated: | 1998[1] |
| Reference #: | RI-51-0010191 |
| Location of Real Academia Española in Spain | |
The Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, RAE) is the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, but is affiliated with national language academies in twenty-one other hispanophone (Spanish-speaking) nations through the Association of Spanish Language Academies. The RAE's emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto is "Limpia, fija y da esplendor" ("[It] cleans, sets, and casts splendour").
The RAE is a major publisher of dictionaries and grammars, and has a formal procedure for admitting words to its publications. Its website includes an online dictionary and other resources, all in Spanish. Its most famous publication is the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española (Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy), the "DRAE".
Contents |
History
Title page of Fundación y estatútos de la Real Académia Españóla (Foundation and statutes of the Royal Spanish Academy) (1715)The Real Academia Española was founded in 1713, modelled after the Italian Accademia della Crusca (1582) and the French Académie française (1635), with the purpose "to fix the voices and vocabularies of the Castilian language with propriety, elegance, and purity". King Philip V approved its constitution on 3 October 1714, placing it under the Crown's protection.
Its aristocratic founder, Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, Marquis of Villena and Duke of Escalona, described its aims as "to assure that Spanish speakers will always be able to read Cervantes" – by exercising a progressive up-to-date maintenance of the formal language.
The RAE began establishing rules for the orthography of Spanish beginning in 1741 with the first edition of the Ortographía (spelled Ortografía from the second edition onwards). The proposals of the Academy became the official norm in Spain by royal decree in 1844, and they were also gradually adopted by the Spanish speaking countries of Latin America.
Several reforms were introduced in the Nuevas Normas de Prosodia y Ortografía (1959), and since then the rules have undergone continued adjustment, in consultation with the other national language academies. The current rules and practical recommendations are presented in the latest edition of the Ortografía (1999).[2]
In 1994, the RAE ruled that the Spanish consonants "CH" (ché) and "LL" (elle) would hence be alphabetized under "C" and under "L", respectively, and not as separate, discrete letters, as in the past. The RAE eliminated monosyllabic accented vowels where the accent did not serve in changing the word's meaning, examples include: "dio" ("gave"), "vio" ("saw"), both had an acutely-accented vowel "ó"; yet the monosyllabic word "sé" ("I know", the first person, singular, present of "saber", "to know"; and the singular imperative of "ser", "to be") retains its acutely-accented vowel in order to differentiate it from the reflexive pronoun "se".
Criticisms of the Academy
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| This section contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (October 2009) |
The Royal Academy has, especially in the Spanish-speaking Americas, been criticized for being excessively conservative and slow to change; for excessively concentrating upon linguistic usages of the region of Castile, while dismissing variant usages from other parts of Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries; and for being slow in revising its authoritative Diccionario de la Lengua Española have acknowledged, however, that recent editions of the Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia Española (the 20th, 21st, and current 22nd editions) show distinct improvement. One innovation was its publication of a paperback edition in 1992. Partnerships with companies such as Telefónica, IBM, and Microsoft, enabled the RAE to update and adapt to the current information-technology era, offering a free on-line version of its Diccionario, which may be consulted free of charge at its website.
Composition
Main article: List of members of the Real Academia EspañolaMembers of the Academy are known as Académicos de número (English: Academic Numerary), chosen from among prestigious persons in the arts and sciences, including several Spanish-language authors, known as Los Inmortales (English: the Immortals), similarly to their Académie Française counterparts. The Números are elected for life by the other academicians. Each academician holds a seat labeled with a letter from the Spanish alphabet; upper- and lower-case letters are separate seats.
Current members
As of 2008[update], sorted by date of induction:
- (H) Martín de Riquer Morera, Count of Casa Dávalos (1965)
- (g) Antonio Colino López (1972)
- (e) vacant
- (M) Carlos Bousoño Prieto (1980)
- (A) Manuel Seco Reymundo (1980)
- (Z) vacant
- (n) Valentín García Yebra (1985)
- (O) Pere Gimferrer Torrens (1985)
- (q) Gregorio Salvador Caja (1987)
- (p) Francisco Rico Manrique (1987)
- (r) Antonio Mingote Barrachina (1988)
- (s) José Luis Pinillos Díaz (1988)
- (J) Francisco Morales Nieva (1990)
- (d) Francisco Rodríguez Adrados (1991)
- (F) José Luis Sampedro Sáez (1991)
- (c) Víctor García de la Concha (1992)
- (U) Eduardo García de Enterría y Martínez-Carande (1994)
- (l) Emilio Lledó Íñigo (1994)
- (C) Luis Goytisolo Gay (1995)
- (L) Mario Vargas Llosa (1996)
- (b) Eliseo Álvarez-Arenas Pacheco (1996)
- (u) Antonio Muñoz Molina (1996)
- (V) Juan Luis Cebrián (1997)
- (t) Ignacio Bosque Muñoz (1997)
- (K) Ana María Matute (1998)
- (ñ) Luis María Anson Oliart (1998)
- (I) Luis Mateo Díez (2001)
- (N) Guillermo Rojo (2001)
- (k) José Antonio Pascual (2002)
- (E) Carmen Iglesias (2002)
- (f) Luis Ángel Rojo (2003)
- (i) Margarita Salas Falgueras (2003)
- (T) Arturo Pérez-Reverte (2003)
- (G) José Manuel Sánchez Ron (2003)
- (Q) vacant
- (j) Álvaro Pombo y García de los Ríos (2004)
- (o) Antonio Fernández Alba (2006)
- (X) Francisco Brines (2006)
- (h) José Manuel Blecua (2006)
- (a) Pedro García Barreno (2006)
- (R) Javier Marías (2008)
- (P) Inés Fernández-Ordóñez (2008)
- (m) José María Merino (2008)
- (D) Darío Villanueva (2008)
- (B) José Luis Borau (2008)
- (S) Salvador Gutiérrez (2008)
Notable past academicians
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Vicente Aleixandre
- Dámaso Alonso
- José Martínez Ruiz "Azorín"
- Vicente Bacallar y Sanna
- Pío Baroja
- Jacinto Benavente
- Camilo José Cela
- Miguel Delibes
- José Echegaray
- Wenceslao Fernández Flórez
- Leandro Fernández de Moratín
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
- Antonio Machado
- Salvador de Madariaga
- Julián Marías
- Francisco Martínez de la Rosa
- Ramón Menéndez Pidal
- Eugenio d'Ors
- Armando Palacio Valdés
- José María de Pereda
- Benito Pérez Galdós
- Manuel José Quintana
- Gonzalo Torrente Ballester
- Juan Valera
- José Zorrilla
Publications
Joint publications of the RAE and the Association of Spanish Language Academies
- Diccionario de la lengua española (Dictionary of the Spanish Language) (1st edition: 1780, 22nd edition: 2001, the 23rd edition will be published in 2013 to mark the tricentennial of the founding of the RAE). The first edition is in public domain.
- The Diccionario esencial de la lengua española (Essential Dictionary of the Spanish Language) was published in 2006 as a shortened work to span between the 22nd and 23rd editions.
- Ortografía de la lengua española (Orthography of the Spanish Language, 1st edition: 1741, latest edition: 2010). The edition of 1999 was the first orthography to cover the whole Hispanic world, replacing the Nuevas normas de prosodia y ortografía (New Rules for Prosody and Orthography) of 1959. The first edition is in public domain.
- Nueva gramática de la lengua española (New Grammar of the Spanish Language, 1st edition: 1771, latest edition: 2009). The latest edition is the first grammar to cover the whole Hispanic world, replacing the prior Gramática de la lengua española (Grammar of the Spanish Language, 1931) and the Esbozo de una Nueva gramática de la lengua española (Outline of a New Grammar of the Spanish Language, 1973). The first edition is in public domain.
- The Nueva gramática de la lengua española will be published in 3 different versions: The Edición completa (Complete Edition) includes 3,800 pages in two volumes to describe morphology and syntax (published December 4, 2009) plus a third volume of phonetics and phonology and a DVD (early 2010). The Manual edition is a single 750-page volume, which was presented at the 5th Congress of the Spanish Language which convened virtually in Valparaiso, Chile, due to the earthquake, and will be published on April 23, 2010.[3] The Gramática básica (Basic Grammar) is a 250-page pocket reference intended for school use, to be published in late 2010.[4]
- The RAE has also published two other works by individual editors: Gramática de la lengua española (Grammar of the Spanish Language, by Emilio Alarcos Llorach, 1994) and Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española (Descriptive Grammar of the Spanish Language, 3 volumes, directed by Ignacio Bosque and Violeta Demonte, 1999).
- Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts, 1st edition: 2005). Resolves doubts related to the use of the Spanish language.
- Diccionario del estudiante (Student's Dictionary, 1st edition: 2005). Replaces the Diccionario escolar de la RAE (RAE Scholastic Dictionary, 1996).
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- Diccionario práctico del estudiante (Practical Student's Dictionary, 1st edition: 2007) is an adapted version for Latin America, and is for sale only in the Americas.
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See also
| Spain portal | |
| Language portal |
References
- ^ Database of protected buildings (movable and non-movable) of the Ministry of Culture of Spain.
- ^ Real Academia Española (1999) (in Spanish) (PDF). Ortografía de la Lengua Española. pp. v–viii. ISBN 84-239-9250-0. http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000015.nsf/(voanexos)/arch7E8694F9D6446133C12571640039A189/$FILE/Ortografia.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
- ^ "El diccionario de americanismos incluye setenta mil entradas", Diario ABC (27 de febrero de 2010), 2010, http://www.abc.es/20100227/cultura-/diccionario-americanismos-incluye-setenta-201002271302.html
- ^ "La Real Academia Española y la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española presentan la Nueva gramática de la lengua española.", Real Academia Española, 2010, http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000016.nsf/voTodosporId/879EEE3982B5EBAFC12571640038E4E2?OpenDocument
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Real Academia Española |
- Real Academia Española (Spanish)
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